Group Work and Free Riders: Mitigating the Situation

In approximately universities, if non all, steming work aims to enhance the learning experience of students. This is principally done through collaboration among the students in meeting specific objectives for root word activities. While class work trains students in work-related skills, it similarly improves their personal propensitys to congeal to a assembly environment where individual tasks may be designated in order to meet the goals of the collective whole. However, ag chemical convocation work support besides serve potential problems to the radical in terms of components who ar absolute stop riders.These loafers may not be of any use or sponsor to the entire congregationinging since they do not provide large contributions. Instead of aiding the multitude in keeping with the tasks at hand, the free riders get under ones skin burdens to the group, thitherby giving weight to the tasks all the much than. One way to ebb this problem is to give less com plicated and less breezy tasks to the free riders in the group while keeping a closer centre on their effect. It can be said that collaboration among group members helps in easing the larger chunk of the tasks involved.A reasonable diffusion of tasks among members is an advantage to a group essentially because it divides the general tasks required necessary for achieving certain goals (Barley & Kunda, 2001, p. 78). Although the distribution of tasks may vary dep raritying on several factors which include but is not limited to individual capabilities, it nevertheless creates the sense where each member has a definitive role and share in the interest of the group. By doing so, all(prenominal) member is also given certain responsibilities to meet under a specified timeframe. More importantly, the distribution of tasks entails certain expectations from the members.In the end, the overall offbeat and performance of the group will ca-ca to depend on the members themselves. Since b oth the welfare and the performance of the group rely on the individual members, free riders among the group can pose serious disadvantages not only to the entire group but also to those who are working appropriately with their designated tasks (Pelled, 1996, p. 616). For one, there may be a psychological effect on the attitude of the another(prenominal) members when the free riders tend to give no consideration for their respective responsibilities.When there are members of your group who do not function according to the groups expectation, it is most likely the case that the other members will have negative responses whether explicit or not. It can affect their individual inclination to perform their duties because they can be influenced with regard to their behavior in doing their responsibilities. In order to reduce the problems posed by the free riders in the group, these group members should only be given less complicated and less tedious tasks.It should also be the case tha t the free riders should be given more attention or focus on from the group members since the free riders are the ones who are most likely to give problems to the group in terms of the period of tasks among others. Given a number of tasks involved in completing the group requirements, the division of tasks should be appropriated in such a way that the comprehend free riders are given the lighter responsibilities instead of the tedious ones (Phillips & Phillips, 1993, p.534). The roles to be given to these members should be the ones which, when removed or separated from the overall product of the group work, can only give minor disadvantages. These minor disadvantages can come in the form of the absence of peripheral parts of the group work. By doing so, even if the free riders in the group are not able to submit their expected contributions to the group the overall group pop can nevertheless still stand on its own.Or it can also be the case that even without the minor contribut ions from the free riders the rest of the group can still be able to amend the situation by fulfilling the peripheral tasks left behind. Moreover, the free riders should be given more focus by the group members so as to at least hold up certain that their tasks are met and that no delays will hinder the progress of the group work. This can be done by constant meeting with the group members so that the tasks can be done while every member is present.When each member of the group is present, there will be more chances for the group members to keep a close attention on what everybody else is doing (Formanek & Sibley, 1991, p. 650). By doing so, the free riders will also be guided accordingly by the other members of the group in cases when the free riders are unable to efficiently perform their responsibilities. An early correction of the perceived problems can greatly help in arriving at a thoroughly crafted products or goals at the end of the day (Parboteeah & Cullen, 2003, p.139). However, one problem that can surface even in the light of the purportions offered to mitigate the probable problems that may be encountered by the group with regard to the free riding members is the problem of the total absence or non-participation of these members. If the free riders in the group do not actually realise meetings or escape from participating in the group tasks, even the suggestions to mitigate the perceived problems may not be able to fully extend the problems.Nevertheless, one thing that can be done to avoid the eventual(prenominal) downfall of the group as caused by the free riders is that the rest of the group can choose to take charge of the suppositious responsibilities of the free riders as early as possible. After that, the rest of the members can then suggest to the teacher or the instructor in charge to relieve the supposed free riders from being members of the group due to the reason of complete privation of participation. In general, as long as the re remains the curtain raising of controlling the problem, mitigating the situation is still the best option.In fact, the act of mitigating the situation in itself is already a task which requires a collective effort from at least the majority of the group. More importantly, mitigating the situation can win vertebral column the free riders as functioning members of the group, thus leading to fruitful results to the group as a whole and to each member of the body. References Barley, S. R. , & Kunda, G. (2001). Bringing urinate Back In. Organization Science, 12(1), 78. Formanek, E. , & Sibley, D. (1991). The assembly Determinant Determines the Group.Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 112(3), 650. Parboteeah, K. P. , & Cullen, J. B. (2003). mixer Institutions and Work Centrality Explorations beyond National Culture. Organization Science, 14(2), 139. Pelled, L. H. (1996). Demographic Diversity, Conflict, and Work Group Outcomes An Intervening Process Theory. Organiza tion Science, 7(6), 616. Phillips, L. D. , & Phillips, M. C. (1993). Faciliated Work Groups Theory and Practice. The Journal of the functional Research Society 44(6), 534.

Lagaan

The impression entitled Lagaan is a ikon of ancient Indian society. Indian is full of dignity in this story. The coach and the writer precious to convey in their film the meaning and bosom of Indian culture. Despite of all the odds, share, and failures that they experienced within their environment and in the hands of the colonizers, they strive hard to be the best at anything. vie cricket is one of the most significant occurrences that they wanted to share as a way of showing their culture and tradition. Bhuvan as the main address in the story became the leader of everyone in their community. They accepted the challenge of the British captain and convicted to gain their dignity and pride.The story showed the narrative of Indian purport during the colonial period. It represents the social, psychological, political, and economic life of Indians where culture surrounds all of it. The director wanted to share his thoughts on the issues that Indians always experience all throughou t their lives. However, Indian culture and society has no fear of everything whether things go wrong or right within them. This is what the director and the writer wanted to impose in their story. They wanted their audience to understand the meaning of India not as a country in defeat and weaknesses but also with pride and strong point to face anything.At the end of the story, the director leaves its audience the imagination of overcoming the circumstances in the community. There is a question in the end of the movie will Bhuvan and his team win from the captain? There is one handsome conflict at the end of it one of Bhuvans team was give to lose the game. It shows that the resolution of the story lies within the audience. It depends on what they wanted at the end whether to win the Indians or losing their dignity and pride towards the colonizers.ReferenceAshutosh Gowariker. Lagaan. 2002.

How Might Prejudice Develop and How Might It Be Reduced? Essay

A judgment or opinion made without adequate noesis to Prejudge, to stall judgement or form premature opinion. We fecal matter break the denomination prejudice stamp out into twain parts to give cle arr understanding of its meaning, Pre is forrader and judice is to make judgement, so it is a contradict preconceived judgement on an mortal or group prior to seeking full k immediatelyledge or understanding about them.Prejudice effects many aspects of nows society. Racism, sexism and homophobia atomic number 18 all mannikins of discrimination a receivest a group that they whitethorn feel does not fit in to their norms in society. This can lead further to prejudice against single parents, students, the elderly, the disabled, Goths, Emos, basically any group can be subjected to a form of prejudice. These negative preconceived ideas affect the room we treat people on a day to day basis.It is white to give tongue to that most people would like to think they are unspecific of new(prenominal)s and are not prejudice but it is unlikely that these people carry no prejudice at all, it is inevitable that certain groups would not personally appeal to everyone and we whitethorn be drawn to new(prenominal) groups for company. There are three shares of prejudice. The cognitive element which are ideas about a special(a) group which form stereotypes.The affective element involves feelings in relation to a certain group, these feelings could include anger, disgust, intimidation or even hate. The behavioural element involves actions taken to express these feelings, for instance an individual may avoid a certain group or individual belonging to a group, they may become abusive either verbally or physically, in perfect circumstances this discrimination can lead to such atrocities as the final solution where millions of Jews were exterminated. The media has a wide impact on our opinions of others.It may not be that someone expressing prejudice has had direct con tact or experience of a group or individual from a group but they may have formed opinions based on propaganda, parental influences, authoritative figures, associate pressure or ignorance. The social learning theory suggests that negative thoughts or prejudices are learnt from society, for example parents, friends or colleagues. We are not born with negative thoughts/ preconceived ideas for others therefore it must be a learnt ideation.Psychology gives two main approaches to describe the prejudice phenomenon, with many psychologist contributing with studies regarding prejudice for example The Robbers cave, Sherif (1956). This looked at whether prejudice could be created indoors a group. Social Factors of prejudice suggests that prejudice is a result of group interaction. Sherif conducted an look into in 1956 to promote the theory suggesting that when groups interact with one another they ordain inevitably generate attitudes towards each other.The Robbers Cave experiment took a group of carefully selected boys, with no known hostile attitudes towards each other, they resolve the group and introduced competition between the groups to observe the natural and spontaneous knowledge of group organisation and attitudes. This is known as minimal group theory. singular factors involved in prejudice theories suggests a sick person lesson, suggesting that prejudice is an individual occurrence relating back to unresolved childishness memories or trauma.Freuds work with psycho-analysis on this was a major influence, that conflicts in ones childhood creates a damaged adult personality. Also theories of the authoritarian figure by Adorno et al (1950) brought the suggestion of projection of unresolved past (childhood) experiences onto minority group. The down side to this theory is that it does not explain group prejudice, it implies that prejudice is an individual process and isolated to having a sick personality.Reduction of prejudice is springy for social inte gration and acceptance. Prejudice has reduced over the years in many aspects, as we as a society become more than acceptant of others prejudice should reduce, but there testament always be a victimised group within society which is outcast. Homosexuals could not be openly gay twenty years ago but now it is seen as an acceptable part of society, although there is still animosity towards minority groups such as homosexuals they are not so widespread and outwardly visible.There are several ways of reducing prejudice within society on both an individual and social level. Ignorance has a massive impact on peoples thoughts and opinions of others as many of their opinions of others are uninformed and uneducated. training is a vital part of reducing any kind of animosity. Schools, parents and other authoritarian figures can take an active role in educating younker people about minority groups to encourage acceptance, cultural awareness within schools can be very beneficial in the acce ptance process.Opinions of parents are a major influence on a childrens attitudes towards those who step forward to be different to themselves, so education is not only countenance for young people but re-education of old-school thoughts is a necessary action. Integration with other groups is very important to build understanding and empathy between cultures. Also talk is vital to encourage understanding and time to allow these things to take place, attitudes cannot kind overnight.Encouraging the pursuit of common (superordinate) goals, can reduce divisions between groups, if miscellaneous groups have a common goal to work towards they are more likely to pull together and put differences aside for the greater gain of the group. All these are options for aiding the reduction of prejudice but time, effort and confide on the part of everyone is required to achieve this reduction, but it is reasonable to say that even though prejudice can be reduced it will never be extinct there will always be an element of prejudice within society.

Road Traffic Noise

1 . R O A D T R A F F I C N O I S E S T R A T E G Y As our towns and cities continue to grow, so as well as does the volume of traffic travelling on our thoroughfares. While this traffic represents an substantial part of societys development and prosperity, it is also a growing source of cite for the community. This paper discusses many of the issues relating to the force of passage traffic commotion on the community. Section 1 outlines the proposed street Traffic Noise Strategy, its scope, development and how you gouge stand. Section 2 contains information on the ffects, levels and sources of traffic noise, and outlines the on-line(prenominal) programs that contribute to reductions in road traffic noise in Victoria. 1. 1 backcloth and Purpose of this Paper This footing paper is the start of a physical process to develop an integrated Road Traffic Noise Strategy (the dodging) for Victoria. This background paper explains what a road traffic noise schema is explains h ow the strategy leave alone be developed, including how you can contribute to the process provides information to the highest degree the effects, levels and sources of road traffic noise in Victoria Section 2) and outlines current programs that address road traffic noise issues (Section 2). 1. 2 What is a Road Traffic Noise Strategy? A road traffic noise strategy is a plan for managing the noise from motor vehicles on the road network. The strategy will guide the activity of g overnment, business and the community to come through reductions in road traffic noise over time. Solutions to address road traffic noise are not often found in a single program but rely on combinations of programs. The strategy therefore needs a broad prescribe of tools for reducing the impact of road traffic oise. An integrated traffic noise strategy will require administration from a number of organisations to implement the elements of the strategy over the short, medium and long term. The strategy wi ll contain a range of tools such as a State environment protection policy (SEPP) for providing the policy framework and setting legal standards for noise levels from roads guinea pig processes for the development of regulations and programs to reduce noise from the motor vehicle programs for managing noise from roads by VicRoads and local government

Poems, American Culture and Values Essay

The poems the States written by Allen Ginsberg and Langston Hughes I, overly are cardinal of the most controversial pieces in American Literature. The two poems acquire such attention because of the subject they discussed and the points and issues they presented. Ginsbergs America and I, as well by Hughes tackled values and ethics that is deeply embedded in the American Culture. They integrated in their musical compositions issues about racism and assorted kindly problems that has plagued the American system, and has characterized American way of life.However, although the two poems raised identical issues, the personal manner in which they were presented was different. Furthermore, the prevailing emotion from the two poems was different as Ginsberg realise showcased raged, anger, hatred and apprehendlessness to the system while in Hughes work hope for better future for things is evident. The poem America is conversational in shadow and discusses the grievances and disappoi ntments of the writer to the existing American System during that time.Ginsberg is a member of a group called the Beat Writers and the rage he expressed in writing the poem is the organizations manifestation of hatred to the State of American Culture (Foster, 1992). As one reads the poem he may base himself lost to the broken manner of presentation of different ideas of the poem. This hopeless illogical way of presentation, mirrors the hopeless and illogic state of American Culture. He redden pointed out the insanity of American bon ton going to war such as the cold war.He expressed the ridiculousness of the country, crow itself as the home of the free, but is in the forefront of oppressing various countries and minority groups. All in all, Ginsberg presented irritations and frustration and how people have lost their individuality with the advent of mass media and technology. On the other hand, Hughes I, Too provided a different view of the social problems present in American C ulture. The primary winding topic is oppression of minorities theatrical roleicularly the isolation of African Americans and whites.The use of I was empowering since it discusses separation and segregation of the American Culture. It iterates that African Americans are also citizens of America and should be treated equally with whites. Unlike the poem America, I, Too states that although the spring understand and knew the current social dilemma he is not worried. Hughes tell that the society is slowly realizing the problems at hand, and thus soon everything will contort out write.He does not complain and instead patiently postponement for the day that everyone will recognized them as part of America and at last see how wonderful and beautiful they are as an integral part of the country. As Ginsbergs work presented hopelessness to the present system, Hughes poem is a picture of great expectations as he viewed a better society for the American people.ReferencesFoster, E. H. (19 92). Understanding the Beats. South Carolina University of South Carolina Press.

Social and Economic Equality of African Americans in America Essay

Social and Economic Equality of African the Statesns in America The press for social and economic par of low people in America has been long and slow. It is sometimes amazing that any progress has been made in the racial equality arena at all for each one doubtful step forward seems to be diluted by losses elsewhere. For every Stacey Koons that is convicted, there seems to be a Texaco executive waiting to send obtuses thorn to the past. Through divulge the vie for equal rights, there have been courageous Black leaders at the forefront of each discrete movement. From early activists much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Frederick Douglass, booker T. cap, and W.E.B. DuBois, to 1960s civil rights leaders and radicals such as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, and the Black Panthers, the progress that has been made toward dependable equality has resulted from the visionary leaders of these brave individuals. This does not imply, however, that there has ever been widespread agreement indoors the Black community on strategy or that the actions of prominent Black leaders have met with strong support from those who would benefit from these actions. This report depart examine the influence of two early era Black activists Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Through an analysis of the ideological differences between these two men, the author will argue that, although they disagreed over the direction of the struggle for equality, the differences between these two men actually enhanced the status of Black Americans in the struggle for racial equality. We will look specifically at the events leading to and skirt the Atlanta Compromise in 1895. In order to understand the differences in the philosophies of Washington and Dubois, it is useful to know something about their backgrounds. Booker T. Washington, born a slave in 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia, could be described as a pragmatist. He was only able to attend drill three months out of the year, with the remaining nine months spent working in coal mines. He developed the idea of Blacks becoming skilled tradesmen as a useful stepping-st unrivaled toward respect by the white majority and eventual full equality. Washington worked his way through Hampton Institute and helped found the Tuskeegee Institute, a trade school for blacks. His essential strategy for the advancement of American Blacks was for them to achieve enha... ...ecame more mainstream, it became increasingly conservative, and this did not please DuBois, who left the organization in 1934. He returned afterwards but was eventually shunned by Black leadership both inside(a) and outside of the NAACP, especially after he voiced admiration for the USSR. In the political climate of the late 1940s and 1950s, any hint of a pro-communist attitude--black or white--was unwelcome in any group with a interior(a) political agenda. We can see, then, that neither Washingtons strategy of appeasement nor DuBoiss plan for an selected Bl ack intelligentsia was to become wholly successful in elevating American Blacks to a position of equality. However, perhaps it was more than the leadership of any one Black man that encouraged African Americans to demand a full measure of social and economic equality. Perhaps the fact that there was a public dialogue in itself did more to encourage Black equality than the philosophy of any one prominent Black man. After all, concepts such as equality are exactly that concepts. As such, it up to each of us to decide how we see ourselves in relation to others superior or inferior, equal or not equal, the choice is ultimately our own.

Masculinity in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre :: Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre Essays

masculinity in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre throughout the original Jane Eyre we meet 5 phallic characters. right off we washstand none that the number of female charactersoutweighs the number of male characters. It feels as though Bront is exhausting to tell us that overall women will pursue out more than influentialand formerful than men. Indeed indicator is what our male characters devourin common. Their power still alters from character to character.This is the common rendition of masculinity represent by Brontthroughout Jane Eyre. M all men at the metre of the novel were verypowerful, this power varied from wealth, influential positions and thus far whom you knew. Women were not empower to their throw opinions andtheir husbands or fathers made all the decisions. Jane that defiesthe conventions of the time. She has her own opinions and is notprepared to take orders from the powerful men in the novel.With power comes former(a) traits, and this is where we ignore differentiatebetween the characters. Brocklehurst and St John twain have powerthrough the position they hold (Brocklehurst being in charge of thegirls teach and St John being a parson), whereas John reed andRochester have power through wealth. Mr Lloyd (the apothecary) isperhaps the only man in the novel without any real power and he is theonly individual who listens to Jane.Rochesters masculinity is the intimately important, as he represents thebest and worst of a man. His masculinity is usual of this period andhe is shown ordering Jane around, bring me my horse, most women were get to men as they were the authority in society, although Janeresents this authority and wants to do things her own way. So fromthis we can see that the masculinity he shows typical of the time andincredibly governing and powerful over women in the novel, especiallyJane. As the novel progresses however Rochester becomes less masculineduring the fire at Thornfield he loses everything, here we can com parehim to Jane because at the beginning she too doesnt have anything.In loosing everything he loses his masculinity and power. He no longerhas his endure, I axiom blackened ruins. His house is part of his powerand this is no longer there. He also looses his thought and his hand,Jane becomes his, eyes and hands, and Rochester is reliant on her,I led him out of the slopped wild wood. The usance of the dominant one isreversed. Here Rochester shows very infinitesimal masculinity as he is nownot in charge. Jane saves Rochester merely equally he saves her, from StMasculinity in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre EssaysMasculinity in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Throughout the novel Jane Eyre we meet 5 male characters.Immediately we can notice that the number of female charactersoutweighs the number of male characters. It feels as though Bront istrying to tell us that overall women will come out more influentialand powerful than men. Indeed power is what our m ale characters havein common. Their power however alters from character to character.This is the common version of masculinity portrayed by Brontthroughout Jane Eyre. Many men at the time of the novel were verypowerful, this power varied from wealth, influential positions andeven whom you knew. Women were not entitled to their own opinions andtheir husbands or fathers made all the decisions. Jane however defiesthe conventions of the time. She has her own opinions and is notprepared to take orders from the powerful men in the novel.With power comes other traits, and this is where we can differentiatebetween the characters. Brocklehurst and St John both have powerthrough the position they hold (Brocklehurst being in charge of thegirls school and St John being a parson), whereas John Reed andRochester have power through wealth. Mr Lloyd (the apothecary) isperhaps the only man in the novel without any real power and he is theonly person who listens to Jane.Rochesters masculinity is the most important, as he represents thebest and worst of a man. His masculinity is typical of this period andhe is shown ordering Jane around, bring me my horse, most women wereobliging to men as they were the authority in society, although Janeresents this authority and wants to do things her own way. So fromthis we can see that the masculinity he shows typical of the time andincredibly dominant and powerful over women in the novel, especiallyJane. As the novel progresses however Rochester becomes less masculineduring the fire at Thornfield he loses everything, here we can comparehim to Jane because at the beginning she too doesnt have anything.In loosing everything he loses his masculinity and power. He no longerhas his house, I saw blackened ruins. His house is part of his powerand this is no longer there. He also looses his sight and his hand,Jane becomes his, eyes and hands, and Rochester is reliant on her,I led him out of the wet wild wood. The role of the dominant one isreversed . Here Rochester shows very little masculinity as he is nownot in charge. Jane saves Rochester but equally he saves her, from St