Thomas Hardy and His Religious Beliefs Essay -- Biography Biographies

Thomas Hardy and His Religious BeliefsThomas Hardy was born into a very active Christian family. He was the son of Orthodox Christians who made sure that he regularly attended services. Many of Hardys relatives were involved in the church. Some were members of the clergy and some were musicians at the local anesthetic church. Hardy, a member of the Stinsford parish, taught a Sunday school class when he was a young man. He even had aspirations of becoming a member of the clergy himself. He became very familiar with the teachings of the Bible and even memorized the psalms. Because Hardy was exposed to such devout faith in his youth, he acquired this faith as well. From the period of 1840 to 1860, the Oxford lawsuit, a spiritual movement involving extremely devout thinking and actions, began to spread to Dorset. The supporters of this movement believed in a God who is near to man and transcends the natural rear of things. This movement helped to reinforce Hardy s faith. In the 1860s O n the Origin of Species and Essays and Reviews became widely circulated. These works led to a q...

Ethnography :: Ethnography Reflexivity Anthropology Essays

EthnographyWorks Cited MissingReflexivity has recently been designated as an indicator of postmodernism in anthropological texts. In this context, the practice is attacked as self-indulgent narcissism, but its true scope reaches much further. While some ethnographic texts exhibit an overemphasis on the author, and his position at bottom the work, this is one extreme of the range reflexivity, which also serves as a methodological tool, unincorporated into the writing, and as a means to account for the ethnographers biases and affects on his informants. This entire twain of meaning is shown in anthropological research and writings, in varying manners and to different ends.An poignant example of reflexivity in writing is the much critiqued and criticized analyse by Renato Rosaldo, Grief and a Headhunters Rage, wherein he explores his reactions to and understanding of Ilongot headhunting, as based on his personal experiences with death, or lack thereof. He argues that most anthrop ological studies of death eliminate emotions by assuming the position of the most attached observer, a precarious position which often leads to actual in battle. (15) He also acknowledges that reflexivity can easily slip into self-absorption, wherein one loses sight of differences which do exist. Despite attacks, by Michaelson and Johnson, that Micheles death gives Renato a newfound ace of ethnographic authority, a sense that he is capable of feeling everything that the Ilongot do, he never, in fact, makes this claim. (Behar, 171) Rosaldo, after sharing his experience of his wifes death, and the grief that followed, emphasizes that the education should not lead anyone to derive a universal from somebody elses personal knowledge. (15) The authors own experience does not give him a full understanding of the Ilongot, nor does he claim that it does so, but allows him to understand his informants explanations of headhunting which he had previously dismissed, not equating grief with rage. Ilongot anger and his own overlap, rather same(p) two circles, partially overlaid and partially separate. (10) Or, as Marcus states it, in any attempt to interpret or explain another cultural subject, a surplus of difference always remains. (Marcus, 186)Renato also briefly addresses the question of authority raised by reflexivity, and the admission of ones shortcomings. What was once accepted as absolute accuracy is now being questioned, as the ethnographer acknowledges his own subjectivity, and with the realization that the objects of analysis are also analyzing subjects who critically interrogate ethnographers.

A Deeper Look at ?Neighbors? Essay -- essays research papers

In the story Neighbors, a man and a womans true nature is revealed when nobody is watching. Bill and Arlene Miller are introduced as a normal, happy, middle class married couple, scarce they feel less distinguished than their friends Harriet and Jim Stone, who live in the apartment across the hall. The Millers perceive the Stones to have a better and more eventful life. The Stones adhere to travel often because o Jims job, leaving their ca and plants n the care of the Millers. When the Stones leave on their vacation, the two families seem like good friends, but the depth of the Millers jealousy is revealed as a kind of obsession with the Stones everyday life.The first night the Millers house sit, Bill tends to the cat, and then to his psychoneurotic curiosity. He wanders through the Stones medicine cabinets, and steal a bottle of Harriets pills. This comes as a surprise to the reader because there is not any indication that Bill might act this way. Only after his curiosity is fu lfilled does he carry out the rest of his house academic term duties by watering the plants. This shows that he is more concerned with his own needs than those or his neighbors. When Bill returns to his own apartment, arouse after be in the Stones apartment, he fondles his wifes breasts and asks her if she wants to sleep with him that night. Here the reader can start to get a hint that Bill gets a sexual turn-on from being in the Stones apartment....

Great Gatsby :: essays papers

Great Gatsby 4When F. Scott Fitzgerald first published The Great Gatsby, it was namedUnder the Red, White, and Blue. However, afterwards having revised the novelmany times with his many editors, publishers, and personal advisors,Fitzgerald eventually released the book beneath its contemporary title.Why did Fitzgerald make the change? Under the personnel casualty white and bluereferred to the life of people in America, or under the American flag.His novel is focused on the corruption of the American dream, and thecorruption of those residing within. The owing(p) Gatsby referred to iodineof the principle characters in the novel, Jay Gatsby. Why was Gatsby so large that the book was named after him? Jay Gatsby was portrayed byFitzgerald as the son of God, or of a God. Fitzgerald reminds us ofthis throughout the novel, and from beginning to end he fills the textwith hints as he alludes to Gatsbys divine spirit. The Great Gatsbywas a great man- Fitzgerald tells the reader that Gatsb y was so greathe could not have been a man- that he was a enlightenmently figure. Fitzgeraldwanted the reader to believe that the American dream had died, and tofurther ingrain his smell in our minds, he destroys religion andmorality but the final and most dismal reality Fitzgerald faces uswith is that no man is a great man- the provided great man encountered inThe Great Gatsby is the son of God- who is superior to man, and cannotbe judged by the same rules. An author uses imagery to convey specificthoughts and emotions from his readers. Fitzgerald constantly remindsus that Gatsby is a heavenly figure by associating Gatsby with themoon. The moon is a heavenly body therefore, Gatsbys presence bringsout the heavens. The first time the narrator, Nick, meets Gatsby, it isat one of Gatsbys gaudy parties, and the moon had risenhigher.(Fitzgerald p.51) just before Nick met Gatsby. When Nick leavesthe party, a wafer of a moon was shining over Gatsbys house.(p.60) by and by Myrtle had bee n run over by Daisy, Nick speaks to Gatsby outsideDaisys house, and Nick could think of nothing except the luminosityof his pink suit under the moon. The imagery in this location suggeststhat Gatsby is innocent of the crime he is implicated in, which is themurder of Myrtle. The moon shining down on Gatsby, making his suitradiate, suggests that heaven looks with favor upon Gatsby. Gatsby islinked with the heavens occurs when he describe d having kissed Daisyfor the first time.

Changes in Latitude :: Personal Narrative Essays

Changes in Latitude   I was nominated to go to Singapore based on my achievements in the experience fair. However, looking back on my recent experience in Singapore, it was the people, and not the science, that really stick in my memory. I think thats just as well. close to of the science will be yesterdays news by the time I go to college anyway.   This was my first opportunity for international travel, and certainly, Singapore is about as distant away as it is possible to travel from Pennsylvania. Singapore is also far away from home in its culture and climate. Traveling there opened my eyeball to new ideas, values, and attitudes.   The talks at the festival were great. One of the exaltedlights of the festival for me was the spirited and humorous talk given by the Australian scientist / radio show host. I also learned a lot of new information about the human genome project, which seemed to be a prime interest of APECs scientific community, and certainly an grave project for demonstrating cooperation. Several distinguished scientists talked to us about their work with HUGO and their role in deciphering the genetic code of the human species.   In addition to this exposure to scientific research in the region, I learned something about the education system of Singapore. It is, I found, somewhat different than ours. They swap the last two years of high school for something called young college. These students are looked on with admiration by the younger students, and the adults from Singapore seem to entrust all leadership responsibilities to them, rather than the younger students. These junior college students from Singapore were also favored over students of the same age from other countries. This was upsetting to some. For example, I know one junior college-aged boy in my convention who was not from Singapore complained of this. I understand, however, that this preference for the junior college students from Singapore reflects their cultures reverence for elders.   Besides learning something about the education in Singapore, I had the opportunity to demonstrate international careers with other attendees of APEC. I think that the biggest advantage of thinking internationally is that you benefit from having minds from all over the globe help you solve scientific problems. And from a business perspective, you can make use of a global market to sell to a wider variety of customers.

Changes in Latitude :: Personal Narrative Essays

Changes in Latitude   I was nominated to go to Singapore based on my achievements in the intuition fair. However, looking back on my recent experience in Singapore, it was the people, and not the science, that really stick in my memory. I think thats just as well. around of the science will be yesterdays news by the time I go to college anyway.   This was my first opportunity for international travel, and certainly, Singapore is about as furthermost away as it is possible to travel from Pennsylvania. Singapore is also far away from home in its culture and climate. Traveling there opened my eye to new ideas, values, and attitudes.   The talks at the festival were great. One of the juicylights of the festival for me was the spirited and humorous talk given by the Australian scientist / radio show host. I also learned a lot of new information about the human genome project, which seemed to be a prime interest of APECs scientific community, and certainly an classic pro ject for demonstrating cooperation. Several distinguished scientists talked to us about their work with HUGO and their role in deciphering the genetic code of the human species.   In addition to this exposure to scientific research in the region, I learned something about the education system of Singapore. It is, I found, somewhat different than ours. They swap the last two years of high school for something called younger college. These students are looked on with admiration by the younger students, and the adults from Singapore seem to entrust all leadership responsibilities to them, rather than the younger students. These junior college students from Singapore were also favored over students of the same age from other countries. This was upsetting to some. For example, I know one junior college-aged boy in my company who was not from Singapore complained of this. I understand, however, that this preference for the junior college students from Singapore reflects their cultu res reverence for elders.   Besides learning something about the education in Singapore, I had the opportunity to demonstrate international careers with other attendees of APEC. I think that the biggest advantage of thinking internationally is that you benefit from having minds from all over the globe help you solve scientific problems. And from a business perspective, you can make use of a global market to sell to a wider variety of customers.

Networking

ITEC325 Final Study Guide True/False Indicate whether the sendence or account is true or false. ____1. The value of floors in the OSI reference model is that it divides neting into a series of tasks, and then illustrates how those tasks relate to each other. ____2. When transmitting with FHSS, if stoppage is en runered on a spellicular frequency then that part of the signal bequeath be retransmitted on the previous frequency of the hopping decree. ____3. Increasing the speed of the WLAN will cause shorter delays in delay for reflections. ____4.Because tuner technology has advanced at such a rapid pace, the earliest WLANs are now essentially obsolete. ____5. Of the 52 sub shifts, 32 are use for standard contagious diseases and 20 are used for FEC contagions. ____6. When an ESS is installed it is desirable to configure the areas of coerage much like cells in a cellular telephone system. ____7. The first major function of the mac grade involves defining procedures for a wir eless device to discover the WLAN. ____8. piano tuner authentication involves a substance abuser logging on to the memory access point. ____9. CSMA/CA eliminates the possibility of collisions. ____10.A home agent is a forwarding mechanism that keeps track of where the mobile computer is located. ____11. Wireless access to ne bothrk resources rat improve the quality and productivity of meetings. ____12. Early adopters of wireless LANs were some metres called racehorses. ____13. Several vendors are working on comprehensive cyberspace management solutions that integrate wireless networks into the analogous deployment, operations, and management as a wired network. ____14. When considering the number of users who will be associated with an access point, it is provided necessary to count the number of users, not the type of work they do. ___15. Establishing and staffing an internal help desk is one of the most effective means of support. ____16. It is important to evaluate the pl acement of the access points and antennas end-to-end the proposed site in order to meet the design goals. ____17. The most common type of antenna for a WLAN is an semi-directional antenna, also known as a dipole antenna. ____18. A drawback of spectrum analyzers is that the data is displayed in graphical form and not as raw data. ____19. The industry-standard form for site assess accompaniment is IEEE 802. 11D. ____20.The first mensuration in collecting RF information is to position the access point in what may appear to be the most logical location. Multiple pick Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____21. What is the top layer of the OSI reference model? a. application c. physical b. presentation d. transport ____22. Which layer of the OSI reference model permits the devices on the network to hold ongoing communications across the network? a. presentation c. transport b. session d. network ____23. ___ signals by constitution transmit on only one frequency or a very narrow portion of the frequencies. a. Broad deal c. Radio b. Computer d. Heat ____24. What is a disadvantage of narrowband transmissions? a. requires a complicated algorithm c. expensive to implement b. not well regulated d. interference from another radio signal ____25. When was the concept used by FHSS technology developed? a. during World War I c. in the 1960s b. during World War II d. in the 1980s ____26. In FHSS, the tot of time needed to move from one frequency to another is the ____ time. . dwell c. lift b. switch d. hop ____27. According to FCC regulations, all FHSS systems in the 900 MHz band must change frequencies through and through 50 channels and cannot spend more than ____ on one frequency each 20 seconds. a. 20 milliseconds c. 400 milliseconds b. 30 milliseconds d. 1 second ____28. Bluetooth divides the 2. 4 GHz frequency into ____ different frequencies spaced 1 GHz apart. a. 52 c. 79 b. 68 d. 93 ____29. ____ is not part of a frame. a. Length c. Channel b. Parity d. Data ____30. How does OFDM work? a. signals are broken up and the parts are sent in parallel b. the same signal is sent on multiple channels c. one signal is sent twice on the same channel d. a signal is sent over a wired network at the same time as the wireless network ____31. IEEE has divided the ____ layer into two sublayers Logical concern Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC). a. Physical c. Transport b. Data Link d. Session ____32. The Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) standards for 802. 11b are based on ____. a. DSSS c. OFDM b. FHSS d. PYS ____33. The 802. 1b standard specifies ____ frequencies that can be used, beginning at 2. 412 GHz. a. 4 c. 14 b. 10 d. 30 ____34. The ____ coding technique consists of a set of 64 8-bit code words. a. chipping c. Barker b. fixed scramble d. complementary code discerning ____35. The ____ field of an 802. 11a frame consis ts of 10 repetitions of a short training instalment signal and two repetitions of a long training sequence signal. a. Rate c. Synchronization b. Service d. Parity ____36. A BSS is ____. a. a group of wireless devices that is served by a superstar access point b. a unique identifier c. a geographical area where wireless devices reside d. two or more networks that are link uped through a common distribution system ____37. What is the minimum number of BSS networks required to form an ESS? a. 0 c. 2 b. 1 d. 10 ____38. All frames contain the MAC address of the source and destination device, a frame sequence number, and a frame ____ used for error detection. a. unit c. sum b. flag d. check sequence ____39. The ____ field appears first in a management frame. a. Frame control c. Destination address b. Duration d. BSSID ___40. When an AP accepts or rejects a wireless device it sends a(n) ____ frame. a. link request c. disassociation b. association response d. reas sociation ____41. In an infrastructure network the beacon interval is normally set to ____ ms, although it can be modified. a. 1 c. century b. 10 d. 1000 ____42. What is the default authentication method according to the 802. 11 standard? a. basic c. shared key b. open system d. private key ____43. What is the first step in shared key authentication? a. AP encrypts challenge text and sends it to wireless device b. wireless device encrypts challenge text and sends it to AP c. AP sends wireless device an authentication frame that contains a block of text known as the challenge text d. wireless device sends an authentication frame to the AP ____44. future(a) authentication, if the access point accepts the wireless device, it reserves memory space in the AP and establishes a(n) ____ ID for it. a. association c. member b. device d. authentication ____45. Why is CSMA/CD unsuitable for wireless networks? a. Hidden node problem c. difficult to synchronize backoff times b. difficult to detect collisions d. Both A and B ____46. The 802. 11 standard provides an option that can be used when collisions occur due to a hidden node. That option is known as ____. a. virtual node detection c. virtual carrier comprehend b. node collision protocol d. hidden node detection ____47. The RTS/CTS protocol is especially taxing when ____ data packets are being transmitted. a. short c. encrypted b. long d. redirecting ____48. ____ effectively prevents collisions because every device must wait until it receives permission before it can transmit. a. CSMA/CD c. Polling b. CSMA/CA d. Fragmentation ____49. The ____ draft defines a superset of features that is intended to provide QoS over WLANs. a. 802. 11a c. 802. 11e b. 802. 11b d. 802. 11g ____50. An access point sends out a beacon frame containing a ____ identifying the stations that have buffered frames waiting at the access point. a. buffer list c. waiting map b. traffic indication map d. buffered cache ____51. With MobileIP, the ____ assigns the mobile computer a refreshing (but temporary) IP number. a. local AP c. foreign agent b. foreign AP d. roamed network ____52.What do many industry experts believe is the greatest opportunity for business-process improvement at the beginning of the 21st century? a. access to the Internet from employees desks b. extending network access to employees who are away from their desks c. providing wireless hotspots in rural communities d. All of the above ____53. According to a study conducted by NOP WorldTechnology, wireless LANs enable users to be connected to network resources ____ additional hours per day. a. . 5 c. 1. 75 b. 1 d. 2. 5 ____54. Which organization would most likely not benefit from the introduction of a wireless LAN? . business that is rapidly losing market share and has changed CEOs three times in the last 18 months b. business that has captured a niche in the marketplace and underwayly has no serious compet itors c. organization that is fighting a fierce battle with its competitors d. they would all benefit ____55. According to NOP-World Technology, ____ percent of end users say that a WLAN improves their quality of life by increasing flexibility and productivity, and saving time. a. 30 c. 87 b. 56 d. 93 ____56. Intel recommends that once the ROI model is complete, large organizations should return to step ____. . 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 ____57. A(n) ____ provides wireless LAN service, for free or for a fee, from a variety of public areas, including drinking chocolate shops, public libraries, and airport lounges. a. wireless gateway c. hotspot b. infrastructure network d. ad hoc network ____58. Only in areas where low bandwidth is acceptable or an ad hoc wireless network will be used should ____ networks be considered. a. 802. 11a c. 802. 11g b. 802. 11b d. 802. 11 pre-N ____59. What is a disadvantage of thin access points? a. complicated network management b. handoff t ime is increased c. very expensive . all thin access points and switches are proprietary ____60. ____ generates the highest level of interference. a. Marble c. Paper b. Bulletproof glass d. Metal ____61. In a 802. 11b network, how many power users should be associated with one access point? a. 5 c. 25 b. 15 d. 50 ____62. What should you do when electrical alternating current power is not available near the AP location? a. move it to another location c. use a battery b. use wireless power d. user Power over Ethernet ____63. ____ is one of the most effective strategies for providing support for a new wireless network. . Creating formal user support groups b. Assigning support to the information technology department c. Maintaining a help desk d. Outsourcing support to a third party ____64. In a site survey analyzer, vendors use an algorithm or a lookup table to convert ____ values to dBm, mW, or signal strength percentage. a. GHz c. RSSI b. MAC d. RFID ____65. Wh at is a drawback of a spectrum analyzer? a. information is displayed in graphical form and not as raw data b. information is displayed as raw data, not in graphical form c. information only applies to one frequency d. only made by a hotshot manufacturer and very expensive ____66. How are business requirements for a WLAN obtained? a. practice company documentation c. interviewing technical staff b. interviewing management d. Internet research ____67. What is the best way to gather site-specific documentation? a. reviewing blueprints c. inspecting the site b. interviewing management d. viewing documentation ____68. What is the first step in collecting RF information? a. position the access point c. document AP position b. note the objects and layout of the room d. walk just about room to test signal ___69. What should you be sure to do when collecting RF information? a. take pictures of your location as you move around b. connect to the Internet and download a file to test bandwidth c. write down your perception of connection speed d. observe the data being displayed by the bundle measurement tools ____70. What affects the coverage pattern? a. wireless protocol c. notebook operating system b. objects that interfere with the RF signal d. skill of person conducting site survey ____71. The term ____ describes the rate of transmission falling as the device moves farther from the AP. a. coverage pattern c. data rate boundaries b. packet throughput d. RF frequency ____72. What affects transmission ambit? a. distance only c. distance and objects in path b. objects in path only d. wireless protocol ____73. What provides the greatest source of RF interference? a. mirror c. desk b. interior wall d. chair ____74. What type of AP antenna is most commonly used in a site survey? a. omnidirectional c. highly-directional b. semi-directional d. parabolic ____75. The ____ setting of a site survey analyzer specifies the AP that will be in volved in the test. a. Destination MAC Address c. Packet Tx Type b. continual Link Test d. Delay Between Packets ____76. Why is it important to document existing wired and wireless networks? a. to examine possible sources of interference b. to ensure that the new or expanded wireless LAN will dovetail into what is already in place c. to avoid providing overlapping network coverage d. to better generalize the basic networking needs of the organization Matching Match each term with the correct statement below. a. physical layer f. direct sequence spread spectrum b. channel bonding g. quadrature phase shift keying c. frequency hopping spread spectrum h. transport layer d. Forward Error Correction i. orthogonal frequency division multiplexing e. network layer ____77. uses a range of frequencies that change during the transmission ____78. transmits a secondary copy along with the primary information ____79. sends signals to the network or receives signals from the networ k ____80. ensures that error-free data is presumption to the user ____81. sending multiple signals at the same time Match each term with the correct statement below. a. dynamic rate shifting f. frames b. digital certificate g. contention c. scanning h. roaming d. ad hoc mode i. polling e. reassociation ____82. segments in a packet ____83. any device can attempt to transmit a contentedness at any time ____84. as a mobile device moves farther away from the AP, the transmission speed decreases ____85. wireless devices communicate directly between themselves ____86. digital documents that associate an individual with a key value ____87. receiving wireless device looking for beacon frames Match each term with the correct statement below. a. ad hoc f. Point-to-multipoint remote wireless bridge b. plenum g. soft benefits c. current network table h. thin access point d. fat access point i. unverbalized benefits e. ROI ____88. standard measure of the profitability of a pro ject ____89. benefits that are difficult to quantify ____90. management functions of a WLAN such as user authentication, encryption, and access point configuration are included within the AP itself ____91. air handling space above drop ceilings ____92. benefits that can be easily measured or quantified ____93. used to connect multiple LAN segments Match each term with the correct statement below. a. coverage pattern f. network analyzer b. spectrum analyzer g. transmission range c. packet throughput h. unicast d. site survey analyzer i. data rate boundary e. multicast ____94. frame is sent from one sender to multiple recipients with a single transmit operation ____95. area in which the signal can be received from the AP ____96. frame is sent from one sender to a single receiver ____97. scans the radio frequency spectrum and provides a graphical display of the results ____98. measurement tool that is specifically designed for conducting a wireless LAN site survey ____99. rang e of coverage for a specific transmission speed ____100. number of packets sent and received and the data rates for each

Rural Tourism

A BRIEF ANALYSIS ON THE STATUS OF RURAL TOURISM IN INDIA REFERENCE GIMRM024 Table of Contents Abstract2 Initiatives6 Issues Faced8 Infrastructure10 Finance 11 Impact12 The port Forward13 Bibligography14 ABSTRACT touristry is one of the primary catalysts in generating sustainable animation in India. Indias vast verdant diversity and heritage offers tremendous chance for coarse touristry. The cerebration of boorish touristry was born kayoed of the need to provide first-hand experience of living in arcadian aras to the urban population and a identical as appurtenant income for the topical anaesthetic population.The Ministry of touristry in its Outcome Bud spring up for 2011-2012 has emphasized on the need of giving greater cogitate to bucolic tourism with the objective of creating employment, with ad hoc emphasis on the upliftment of the status of women and to encourage local arts and handicraft. Rural tourism has the say-so of carrying the additional burden of upl ifting privation and reducing migration towards urban beas.This research paper aims at studying the status of rural tourism in India, looking into round enterprises that claim already been underinterpreted, both by the Ministry (The Choti Haldwani honk at the foothills of Nainital) and by organisations (NGO ViaDesh, Delhi and Himalayan Homestays, Ladakh) in diverse split of India and the way forward. The paper concent orders on the side by side(p) major atomic number 18as 1) Initiatives under realisen 2) Problems faced speckle trying to manifest such portas 3) Infrastructure actual for this purpose ) The finances involved 5) The feign of such initiatives 6) Its co-relation with eco-tourism and agri-tourism 7) Future plans The g all overnment of India along with UN increase course of study (UNDP) has drafted policies and seeed rough on the same lines by associating and granting funds to NGOs. Rural tourism volition go a long way in realising some of the Millenniu m Development Goals (MDGs) laid out by the UNDP, to be achieved by 2015. The air is soft and balmy. The wild flowers are in full bloom, and the butterfly is on the wing.The grasshopper is singing his ceaseless song, and the bees are humming a chorus thereto. These are excerpts from Ruskin Bonds novel Mussoorie & Landour, Days of Wine and Roses. Such is the witness of the Indian landscape. touristry in India is the biggest service industry contributing 6. 23% to GDP and providing a host of employment opportunities. With 5. 58 million Foreign holidaymaker Arrivals (FTAs) in 2010 and a provisional number of 2. 92 million during the first half of 2011, the tourism industry is pegged to grow at a rate of 9. 4% annually over the next decade.Its linkages with a myriad of sectors in the economy, corresponding transport, grammatical construction, handicrafts, manufacturing, horticulture, agriculture, etc. , makes it a potential economy driver, while too fitting an effective beast for meagerness alleviation and ensuring growth with equality. The focus, thus, is now on rural tourism, an avenue that provides extensive possibilities and opportunities for inclusive growth and equality in rural India. The Ministry of Tourism (MoT) and the coup conduct Nations Development Programme (UNDP) deplete collaborated in an initiative named the Endogenous Tourism Project Rural Tourism Scheme (ETP-RTS) on rural tourism.Initiated in 2003, the bulge identified 36 sites across India, where a number of pilot honks have been initiated to assess the impact of this kind of tourism in these domains. The mind objective of the discover is to focus on sustainable livelihoods and at the same time aims at the convergence of issues such as gender equality, em precedentment of women, spring chicken and different disfavour sections and liveing towards ethnic sensitivity and surroundal sustainability. This paper will look into one such government initiative, Choti Haldwani, w hich is a companionship found tourism run across. asunder from government initiatives, numerous NGOs have been involved in dissentent forms of rural tourism, be it agri-tourism, treks, homestays, workshops with locals etc. In the NGO s railway yard, this paper cites the caseful of ViaDesh, a friendly effort, establish out of Delhi that arranges expeditions and treks in Uttarakhand, the Himalayan Belt (Kargil, Leh, Ladakh etc) and Rajasthan. This paper too briefly looks at Himalayan Homestays, an initiative by the b lose centre Leopard Conservancy (SLC), The Mountain Institute, local tour operators and colonyrs living in important cytosine leopard areas.Traditional tourism, concentrated in coastal and mountain resorts, urban and cultural centres, has prove that tourism eject bring enormous benefits to the economy, society and environment of a certain area. However at the same time there is a acknowledgment that certain parts of the country have been left behind in devel opment. Rural tourism could be the harbinger of change in such a scenario. In new years demands for holidays in small villages and the countryside has increased signifi providetly in many rural regions of the world.The challenge for rural tourism then is to focus on providing sustainable livelihoods in rural areas all while preserving the traditions, cultures and values that exist in these areas, instead of trying to urbanise the area. INITIATIVES Choti Haldwani Choti Haldwani, better known as Jim Corbetts village, is turn up in the Nainital District of Uttarakhand. Bought by Corbett in the early 1900s, this was the last village he stayed in before migrating to Kenya after Independence, donating the land to the 40 families residing in Choti Haldwani at that time.The village has now grown in population with 138 families making Choti Haldwani their home, and earning their livelihood mainly from agriculture. In 2001, Choti Haldwani was one of the four villages chosen to implement a friendship-based tourism (CBT) project. The CBN (Corbett National Park, Binsar Wildsprightliness Sanctuary, Nainital) Tourism Initiative was designed to develop a framework for conservation and tourism by making use participatory processes that seek to pick out stakeholder groups for planning, to economic aid develop a common vision, build ownership, and buy in from various stakeholder groups for plans and projects.Many consultations and deliberations later, the USP of the village was discovered. This led to the formation of the Corbett heritage Trail (which include historical sites like Corbetts house, the historical gun of Tejsingh and Motis House to name a few). ViaDesh ViaDesh (established in 2010) is a social enterprise based out of Delhi. Its philosophy is engrained in its name ViaDesh literally translates to by way of country.Founded by Jamal Mohammad and aimed at promoting village life and providing sustainable livelihood survivals, Viadesh levys itself as a unique hol iday planner committed to giving a transformative experience to both the tourist and the host. ViaDesh works towards building confederations with villagers, and forging relationships with them through union interaction. The expeditions and treks cook the tourist a first-hand experience of rural living. They are exposed to the unique and rich village culture that e actually village brings with it.Villagers twisting into guides, narrating stories from the village and overlap their own experiences with the tourists. Tourists connaturally bear witness to the different folk songs and dances, gathering together with the village folk. Home-stays are arranged for tourists in some of the houses indoors the village itself. By doing this, ViaDesh go overs that the tourist is involved, from early morning, in every facet of village life. Starting from collection and preparation of fodder for animals to cooking feed, to withal plucking apples and apricots from woodlets and planting he rbs like oregano, tourists get hands-on experience of rural living. Rural locations offer an reportlized release from stress and the opportunity to re-engage with a impartialr, quieter way of life that offers rest and relaxation. Himalayan Homestays Himalayan Homestays is an Initiative by Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC), The Mountain Institute, local tour operators and villagers living in important snow leopard areas. The need for this initiative was felt receivable to the rising disparity between the rural and the urban communities due to the fact that the tourism boom in Ladakh offered little opportunities to the rural pot.The rural community was also facing the problem of diminishing livestock population due to Snow leopards. Hence they offered tourism as a solution to promote conservation as well as to combat livestock loss. Villagers defined the Himalayan Homestays in the following way A handed-down village based Ladakhi Homestay would share their traditional way of life an d values with visitors provide traditional food, in an eco-friendly environment that requires little initial investment. (Source Redefining Tourism Experiences and Insights from Rural Tourism Projects in India) The project was implemented with various guidelines for selecting locations to chastiseting minimal facilities such as a separate room for tourist to a toilet (with door). Also 10% of the money generated was to be divulged into the conservation fund for village activities. Initially, for setting up, they assessed the demand and preferences of the tourist by conducting a survey for the location alternative, food and accommodation option as well. Interestingly, the choice was local food was rated highly.Capacity building measures such as training the youthfulness as disposition guides. To avoid hygiene issues, community members were trained on cooking and cuisine as well. The main aim of SLC was community empowerment and therefrom it was decided that the tourists would be shared on rotary motion basis. For the homestays, which were far off, and where the tourists were grudging to go, they were trained for additional services such as Parachute cafes, Guides etc. ISSUES FACED Rural tourism as a upstanding is a affectionate issue to deal with since it deals with people and also their livelihoods.The rural people are skeptical just about the kind of invasion that happens due to rural tourism. While implementing rural tourism many issues have cropped up. It is necessary to understand that the issues faced by the government are different from cloak-and-dagger and non-governmental entities. a)Finance It deals with arranging as well as managing finances for any project. This aspect is prevalent in all initiatives from the government. present the government has struggled to route funds flow whereas private players have found it tight to arrange funds for the project.If the funds flow issues crops up at the beginning of the project then it becomes dif ficult to keep the local community engaged as they endure to lose interest as well as faith in the initiative. b)Pace of the Project It is an important issue that needs to be addressed. It has been observed that private entities have tried to build upon strong finances. This has resulted in very little time for institutions as well as the local community to reflect on their performance and also absorb this transition.In a fast paced project, the players fail to understand that this is a sensitive issue where resources and money are of equal importance. The pace of project should be best decided by the local communities involved as it would be help them adapt to their role. c)Partner Agencies This issue is preponderantly associated with the government where the implementing agencies differ in vision and also their work ethics. The government needs to understand that different agencies behave differently and hence the outcome of the projects would also vary. )Local Community The ba sic motto of this project was to eradicate poverty and envisage an empowerment campaign. Many a time it has been observed that the richer community in the village gets all the chink while the poorer sections takes a backseat, as they are divest of minimum requirements for a tourist such as separate homestays or plain proper education. Here the government needs to ensure that these people are involved in group activities where they could learn and also contribute. Also, conscious measures should be taken to incorporate the marginalized communities into the winner story.Government as well as private players should make sure that inclusive growth takes place and hence the beneficiary is the constitutional village and non select individuals. e)Hygiene Hygiene is an issue which has made foreign as well as domestic tourists hesitate in turning an eye to rural tourism. canonical facilities such as bathroom and sanitation have been a cause of concern for tourists. The players should m ake sure that proper training should be given to custody these things so that the village does not lose out. )Issues from Tourists Tourists, many a time, tend to compare rural tourism with general tourist spots and hence get bogged down by the results. Tourists are not able to connect with the rural theme which results in loss of interest. Also, sometimes issues like food and lifestyle tend to be a hindrance in the project. Sometimes, the traditional and cultural beliefs of the rural people prevent them from supply to the needs of the tourists. g)Cultural and Environmental taint Tourism is a phenomenon which also brings with itself the ill effects.If not implemented properly, it can lead to destruction of the very basic cause of rural tourism i. e. the cultural heritage. Also, with hordes of tourists pouring in, the environment is at risk. Moreover, sometimes there should be strict control at some places because there are traditions and cultural beliefs of people that will preve nt them from catering to all that the tourists may require and even the tourist would know that this is what he can expect in a village and accordingly will break them before approach path to that village. The major issue faced by the Choti Haldwani community was visibility.It gets lost in the mad rush of tourists from Corbett to Nainital. With the Himalayan Homestays initiative gaining popularity, many other institutions have also tried to tap into the market. But in the process, the focus has shifted from community development to profit making. It also did not rate the capacity of the community, hence impacting the social structure. Also, the influx of many tourists eventually led to negative influence on the environment. With the difficult terrain, many of the homestays would not get adapted number of tourists.This led to disparity between the villagers. INFRASTRUCTURE A key aspect in setting up different facilities was the formation of the Corbett Gram Vikas Samiti that ma tching with the project group (mainly from Forest Department and consultants) and took up implementation of work at the village. This ensured that the inhabitants of the village had a say in the development of the village as a tourist site. Proper footpaths were organised, information signboards were set up, an entry gate set up and renovations at the various heritage sites carried out.To support the Heritage Trail, the following activities were carried out 1)Training of guides raise people were asked to register for training as guides, but since not many tourists opted for the walk, the number of guides is dwindling, but there still is hope with a number of women kindle in undergoing training as guides. 2)Identifying homestays Presently only two families provide homestays. Although the concept of homestays is fast catching up with the community, the facilities within the homes is a hurdle, as these houses are installed with the traditional Indian toilets.Unlike ViaDesh, new hous es are thus being built with better facilities for the tourist. Homestays rents and dining are very titular at the rate of Rs 250/- a day with Rs. 60/- per person for 3 meals. 3)Establishing a souvenir shop The Moti Souvenir Shop, run by the village committee, ran into incommode initially with very little funds and limited knowledge on how to run and what to apportion at the shop. Eventually, with the aid of the committee, Haldi (turmeric) was bought from a lady, which was powdered and sold at the shop. The profits are given out to the lady, which has resulted in other items like pulses and spices being sold at the shop.Also, with the help of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), three self-help ladies groups were scooped, who interpret products like jam, jellies and pickles to the shops. In addition to this, handmade hankies , scarves, bed sheets, dupattas and sweaters from Ranikhet were sold at the shop. 4)Information kiosks In a small section of the souvenir shop, a computer with lucre connection has been set up, with a trained person manning it. Although introduced for the tourists, this has benefitted children more, as they are provided computer education with a fee of Rs. 200/-.ViaDeshs policy is simple no construction of new structures and the promotion of indigenous lifestyle. In an attempt to preserve the natural environment of the village and to inhibit urbanization of villages, ViaDesh, in partnership with the villagers, arrange for homestays within the village. One room in selected houses is refurbished to cater to the tourist lifestyle, which is taken care of by the residents. ViaDesh has installed eastern-style toilets in all homestays to give tourists the actual discover of rural life. isolated from this, hosts are trained about hygiene and cleanliness standards that need to be adopted.They are also trained to follow hygiene while lancinating vegetables and preparing food. ViaDesh has tried to work around the available resources and provide a comfortable experience for the tourist. As such physical alkali was not built for the Himalayan Homestays project contrasted mud houses in other places. The trust had decided on tourists sharing the rooms with the villagers. Hence, there was a need for virtual infrastructure to attract tourists and open awareness. The trust tied up with local operators to market Himalayan homestays.It was a conscious effort that the local operators chosen would think as well as work in parallel towards the community. This move also helped in briefing the tourists about the norms to avoid confrontation at the later stages. The trust also developed a website to tap the tourist seeking a similar experience on the internet. To tap walk-in clients, the trust had designed posters and maps as well. It was decided that 10% of the fund would be shared with the conservation fund. Conservation fund was used for various community works such as preserving wildlife, guide plantation etc. FINANCEViaDesh, bein g a fledgling organisation, is a self-financed enterprise. Initial investment for setting up rooms, toilets etc. was made by Jamal. Participants project donations also help to ensure that funds are available throughout the year to maintain the work done by the teams. These funds are any channelled through ViaDeshs own charity, Sustainable Tourism Trust, or partner charities. ViaDesh donates 10% of its profits from travel to community development projects in host areas, with a focus on wellness and education. The investment involved at Himalayan Homestays was only Rs. 500/- for one home as the people would be well trained in various aspects of tourism (as guides and drivers). Also, the tour operator charged Rs. 50/- for spreading awareness about the homestays. The villagers would get Rs. 300/- per tourist per night, which would be directly pay to the homestay provider, to avoid clashes with agents or guides. IMPACT The Choti Haldwani project has managed to keep alive the history a nd legacy of Corbett. For the tourists visiting the National Park, Choti Haldwani adds some other dimension to dread Corbett. Even though the benefits (economics of it) are limited the motivation is very high.The interest & enthusiasm shown, the coming and working together of the community in a viscid manner is another critical aspect of this initiative which is a significant reason why the community has been able to sustain this engagement. New jobs and supplementary sources of income have been created, with more opportunities in the offing. There has also been active participation from women in the SHGs that were formed in collaboration with WWF. While ViaDesh is still trying to evaluate its impact on villages, the potential impact of this venture and such ventures like this are enormous.It gives the locals an alternate source of income, from homestays, guides, drivers, porters and trekking activities. This in turn prevents the migration (which is rampant in rural areas for lac k of better opportunities) of people to cities. ViaDesh ensures that the money earned from homestays etc. is given to the female member of the household, thus promoting woman empowerment. ViaDesh aims for these communities to build their capacity to make things, from handicrafts to eatables like jams, and for them to be able to sell such quality items in the city market.Initiatives like this also squash the myth that rural community is not open to change. With tourists coming in and staying with the locals, there is mutual benefit from such initiatives. Its a mutually enriching experience. ViaDesh also aims at setting up quality education and wellness centres within the area from the funds set aside from profit for such a purpose. Himalayan Homestays has had a positive impact on the villagers. The additional income from the homestays was laboursaving in purchase ration in lean season and even sending children to the school.It also helped villagers in protecting their livestock and build predator-proof pens. The income gave much deprived decision power to the women community of the villages. The tourism activity increased local participation with the fact that many parachute cafes and local businesses propped up. The flow of tourists also instilled a sense of surcharge in the local people for their culture and lifestyle. In a way, this activity also helped preserve Ladhaki culture as people can now take pride in displaying the distinct Ladhaki decor and cuisine.The community on a whole has had an increased awareness of hygiene. The tourism activity also helped in checking migration of youth towards city. Homestays helped in the overall personality development of the villagers as the interaction with foreign tourists increased. Some of the added benefits for the villagers were the utilization of conservation fund, adoption of waste trouble practices and tree plantation activities. A change of attitude was seen in the villagers towards the snow leopards as th ey are now the attractions for the tourists to visit this place.The homestay experience for the tourists helped in learning about Ladakhi cultures through nature treks and its cuisines. THE WAY FORWARD The way ahead for the Samiti at Choti Haldwani is now to work and continue development on the initiatives already undertaken, and also start new programmes like organic farming and bullock cart rides to further expand and provide different sustainable employment opportunities for the locals. ViaDesh intends to move further into different villages and start similar projects like the ones already established.At the same time, ViaDesh aims at phasing its operations out of the existing locations, thus making these villages self-sustainable, with a well-established education and health system running. The idea of converting a livelihood problem into tourism initiative has worked well for the community based around the Himalayan Homestays initiative. Also, this project shows how rural touri sm is related to eco-tourism and agri-tourism. This project has helped the community in its economic upliftment through measures such as these, while keeping the local culture intact.This project has also helped in protecting snow leopards and generating an alternative source of income through it. It shows how a balance can be maintained between tourism and ecology. Rural tourism has immense potential in the overall development of the economy, while preserving the rural structure, cultures and keeping traditions intact. Government initiatives should constantly monitor the progress of the projects that have already been initiated, continuously identifying bottlenecks and obstacles, to ensure the smooth cognitive process of such initiatives.Rural Tourism can help achieve some of the UNs Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that aims at ending poverty by 2015. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1)Redefining Tourism Experiences and Insights from Rural Tourism Projects in India ( Ministry of Tourism, Governm ent of India / UNDP India 2008) 2)www. viadesh. com 3)www. himalayan-homestays. com 4)Performance of Tourism Sector during July 2011, Ministry of Tourism 5)Annual Report 2011 Ministry of Tourism 6)Equations Annual Report, 2009-2010Rural TourismA BRIEF ANALYSIS ON THE STATUS OF RURAL TOURISM IN INDIA REFERENCE GIMRM024 Table of Contents Abstract2 Initiatives6 Issues Faced8 Infrastructure10 Finance 11 Impact12 The Way Forward13 Bibligography14 ABSTRACT Tourism is one of the primary catalysts in generating sustainable livelihood in India. Indias vast rural diversity and heritage offers tremendous opportunity for rural tourism. The idea of rural tourism was born out of the need to provide first-hand experience of living in rural areas to the urban population and also as supplementary income for the local population.The Ministry of Tourism in its Outcome Budget for 2011-2012 has emphasized on the need of giving greater focus to rural tourism with the objective of creating employment, wit h specific emphasis on the upliftment of the status of women and to encourage local arts and handicraft. Rural tourism has the potential of carrying the additional burden of uplifting poverty and reducing migration towards urban areas.This research paper aims at studying the status of rural tourism in India, looking into some initiatives that have already been undertaken, both by the Ministry (The Choti Haldwani Project at the foothills of Nainital) and by organisations (NGO ViaDesh, Delhi and Himalayan Homestays, Ladakh) in different parts of India and the way forward. The paper concentrates on the following major areas 1) Initiatives undertaken 2) Problems faced while trying to establish such initiatives 3) Infrastructure developed for this purpose ) The finances involved 5) The impact of such initiatives 6) Its co-relation with eco-tourism and agri-tourism 7) Future plans The government of India along with UN Development Programme (UNDP) has drafted policies and implemented some on the same lines by associating and granting funds to NGOs. Rural tourism will go a long way in realising some of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) laid out by the UNDP, to be achieved by 2015. The air is soft and balmy. The wild flowers are in full bloom, and the butterfly is on the wing.The grasshopper is singing his ceaseless song, and the bees are humming a chorus thereto. These are excerpts from Ruskin Bonds novel Mussoorie & Landour, Days of Wine and Roses. Such is the beauty of the Indian landscape. Tourism in India is the biggest service industry contributing 6. 23% to GDP and providing a host of employment opportunities. With 5. 58 million Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in 2010 and a provisional number of 2. 92 million during the first half of 2011, the tourism industry is pegged to grow at a rate of 9. 4% annually over the next decade.Its linkages with a myriad of sectors in the economy, like transport, construction, handicrafts, manufacturing, horticulture, agric ulture, etc. , makes it a potential economy driver, while also becoming an effective tool for poverty alleviation and ensuring growth with equality. The focus, thus, is now on rural tourism, an avenue that provides immense possibilities and opportunities for inclusive growth and equality in rural India. The Ministry of Tourism (MoT) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have collaborated in an initiative named the Endogenous Tourism Project Rural Tourism Scheme (ETP-RTS) on rural tourism.Initiated in 2003, the project identified 36 sites across India, where a number of pilot projects have been initiated to assess the impact of this kind of tourism in these areas. The principal objective of the project is to focus on sustainable livelihoods and at the same time aims at the convergence of issues such as gender equality, empowerment of women, youth and other disadvantaged sections and working towards cultural sensitivity and environmental sustainability. This paper will look into one such government initiative, Choti Haldwani, which is a community based tourism project.Apart from government initiatives, numerous NGOs have been involved in different forms of rural tourism, be it agri-tourism, treks, homestays, workshops with locals etc. In the NGO space, this paper cites the example of ViaDesh, a social enterprise, based out of Delhi that arranges expeditions and treks in Uttarakhand, the Himalayan Belt (Kargil, Leh, Ladakh etc) and Rajasthan. This paper also briefly looks at Himalayan Homestays, an initiative by the Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC), The Mountain Institute, local tour operators and villagers living in important snow leopard areas.Traditional tourism, concentrated in coastal and mountain resorts, urban and cultural centres, has proven that tourism can bring enormous benefits to the economy, society and environment of a certain area. However at the same time there is a realization that certain parts of the country have been left behind in development. Rural tourism could be the harbinger of change in such a scenario. In recent years demands for holidays in small villages and the countryside has increased significantly in many rural regions of the world.The challenge for rural tourism then is to focus on providing sustainable livelihoods in rural areas all while preserving the traditions, cultures and values that exist in these areas, instead of trying to urbanise the area. INITIATIVES Choti Haldwani Choti Haldwani, better known as Jim Corbetts village, is located in the Nainital District of Uttarakhand. Bought by Corbett in the early 1900s, this was the last village he stayed in before migrating to Kenya after Independence, donating the land to the 40 families residing in Choti Haldwani at that time.The village has now grown in population with 138 families making Choti Haldwani their home, and earning their livelihood mainly from agriculture. In 2001, Choti Haldwani was one of the four villages chosen to implement a community-based tourism (CBT) project. The CBN (Corbett National Park, Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary, Nainital) Tourism Initiative was designed to develop a framework for conservation and tourism by making use participatory processes that seek to engage stakeholder groups for planning, to help develop a common vision, build ownership, and buy in from various stakeholder groups for plans and projects.Many consultations and deliberations later, the USP of the village was discovered. This led to the formation of the Corbett Heritage Trail (which included historical sites like Corbetts house, the historical gun of Tejsingh and Motis House to name a few). ViaDesh ViaDesh (established in 2010) is a social enterprise based out of Delhi. Its philosophy is engrained in its name ViaDesh literally translates to by way of country.Founded by Jamal Mohammad and aimed at promoting village life and providing sustainable livelihood options, Viadesh promotes itself as a unique holiday planner committ ed to giving a transformative experience to both the tourist and the host. ViaDesh works towards building partnerships with villagers, and forging relationships with them through community interaction. The expeditions and treks give the tourist a first-hand experience of rural living. They are exposed to the unique and rich village culture that every village brings with it.Villagers turn into guides, narrating stories from the village and sharing their own experiences with the tourists. Tourists also bear witness to the different folk songs and dances, gathering together with the village folk. Home-stays are arranged for tourists in some of the houses within the village itself. By doing this, ViaDesh ensures that the tourist is involved, from early morning, in every facet of village life. Starting from collection and preparation of fodder for animals to cooking food, to even plucking apples and apricots from plantations and planting herbs like oregano, tourists get hands-on experien ce of rural living. Rural locations offer an idealized release from stress and the opportunity to re-engage with a simpler, quieter way of life that offers rest and relaxation. Himalayan Homestays Himalayan Homestays is an Initiative by Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC), The Mountain Institute, local tour operators and villagers living in important snow leopard areas. The need for this initiative was felt due to the rising disparity between the rural and the urban communities due to the fact that the tourism boom in Ladakh offered little opportunities to the rural people.The rural community was also facing the problem of diminishing livestock population due to Snow leopards. Hence they offered tourism as a solution to promote conservation as well as to combat livestock loss. Villagers defined the Himalayan Homestays in the following way A traditional village based Ladakhi Homestay would share their traditional way of life and values with visitors provide traditional food, in an eco-fri endly environment that requires little initial investment. (Source Redefining Tourism Experiences and Insights from Rural Tourism Projects in India) The project was implemented with various guidelines for selecting locations to setting minimal facilities such as a separate room for tourist to a toilet (with door). Also 10% of the money generated was to be divulged into the conservation fund for village activities. Initially, for setting up, they assessed the demand and preferences of the tourist by conducting a survey for the location choice, food and accommodation option as well. Interestingly, the choice was local food was rated highly.Capacity building measures such as training the youth as nature guides. To avoid hygiene issues, community members were trained on cooking and cuisine as well. The main aim of SLC was community empowerment and hence it was decided that the tourists would be shared on rotation basis. For the homestays, which were far off, and where the tourists were unwilling to go, they were trained for additional services such as Parachute cafes, Guides etc. ISSUES FACED Rural tourism as a whole is a sensitive issue to deal with since it deals with people and also their livelihoods.The rural people are skeptical about the kind of invasion that happens due to rural tourism. While implementing rural tourism many issues have cropped up. It is necessary to understand that the issues faced by the government are different from private and non-governmental entities. a)Finance It deals with arranging as well as managing finances for any project. This aspect is prevalent in all initiatives from the government. Here the government has struggled to route funds flow whereas private players have found it difficult to arrange funds for the project.If the funds flow issues crops up at the beginning of the project then it becomes difficult to keep the local community engaged as they tend to lose interest as well as trust in the initiative. b)Pace of the Pro ject It is an important issue that needs to be addressed. It has been observed that private entities have tried to build upon strong finances. This has resulted in very little time for institutions as well as the local community to reflect on their performance and also absorb this transition.In a fast paced project, the players fail to understand that this is a sensitive issue where resources and money are of equal importance. The pace of project should be best decided by the local communities involved as it would be help them adapt to their role. c)Partner Agencies This issue is predominantly associated with the government where the implementing agencies differ in vision and also their work ethics. The government needs to understand that different agencies behave differently and hence the outcome of the projects would also vary. )Local Community The basic motto of this project was to eradicate poverty and envisage an empowerment campaign. Many a time it has been observed that the r icher community in the village gets all the control while the poorer sections takes a backseat, as they are deprived of minimum requirements for a tourist such as separate homestays or even proper education. Here the government needs to ensure that these people are involved in group activities where they could learn and also contribute. Also, conscious measures should be taken to incorporate the marginalized communities into the success story.Government as well as private players should make sure that inclusive growth takes place and hence the beneficiary is the entire village and not select individuals. e)Hygiene Hygiene is an issue which has made foreign as well as domestic tourists hesitate in turning an eye to rural tourism. Basic facilities such as bathroom and sanitation have been a cause of concern for tourists. The players should make sure that proper training should be given to handle these things so that the village does not lose out. )Issues from Tourists Tourists, many a time, tend to compare rural tourism with general tourist spots and hence get bogged down by the results. Tourists are not able to connect with the rural theme which results in loss of interest. Also, sometimes issues like food and lifestyle tend to be a hindrance in the project. Sometimes, the traditional and cultural beliefs of the rural people prevent them from catering to the needs of the tourists. g)Cultural and Environmental Pollution Tourism is a phenomenon which also brings with itself the ill effects.If not implemented properly, it can lead to destruction of the very basic cause of rural tourism i. e. the cultural heritage. Also, with hordes of tourists pouring in, the environment is at risk. Moreover, sometimes there should be strict control at some places because there are traditions and cultural beliefs of people that will prevent them from catering to all that the tourists may require and even the tourist would know that this is what he can expect in a village and accor dingly will prepare them before coming to that village. The major issue faced by the Choti Haldwani community was visibility.It gets lost in the mad rush of tourists from Corbett to Nainital. With the Himalayan Homestays initiative gaining popularity, many other institutions have also tried to tap into the market. But in the process, the focus has shifted from community development to profit making. It also did not consider the capacity of the community, hence impacting the social structure. Also, the influx of many tourists eventually led to negative influence on the environment. With the difficult terrain, many of the homestays would not get sufficient number of tourists.This led to disparity between the villagers. INFRASTRUCTURE A key aspect in setting up different facilities was the formation of the Corbett Gram Vikas Samiti that coordinated with the project team (mainly from Forest Department and consultants) and took up implementation of work at the village. This ensured that the inhabitants of the village had a say in the development of the village as a tourist site. Proper footpaths were organised, information signboards were set up, an entry gate set up and renovations at the various heritage sites carried out.To support the Heritage Trail, the following activities were carried out 1)Training of guides Interested people were asked to register for training as guides, but since not many tourists opted for the walk, the number of guides is dwindling, but there still is hope with a number of women interested in undergoing training as guides. 2)Identifying homestays Presently only two families provide homestays. Although the concept of homestays is fast catching up with the community, the facilities within the homes is a hurdle, as these houses are installed with the traditional Indian toilets.Unlike ViaDesh, new houses are thus being built with better facilities for the tourist. Homestays rents and dining are very nominal at the rate of Rs 250/- a day wit h Rs. 60/- per person for 3 meals. 3)Establishing a souvenir shop The Moti Souvenir Shop, run by the village committee, ran into trouble initially with very little funds and limited knowledge on how to run and what to sell at the shop. Eventually, with the aid of the committee, Haldi (turmeric) was bought from a lady, which was powdered and sold at the shop. The profits are given out to the lady, which has resulted in other items like pulses and spices being sold at the shop.Also, with the help of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), three self-help ladies groups were started, who supply products like jam, jellies and pickles to the shops. In addition to this, handmade hankies , scarves, bed sheets, dupattas and sweaters from Ranikhet were sold at the shop. 4)Information kiosks In a small section of the souvenir shop, a computer with internet connection has been set up, with a trained person manning it. Although introduced for the tourists, this has benefitted children more, as they are p rovided computer education with a fee of Rs. 200/-.ViaDeshs policy is simple no construction of new structures and the promotion of indigenous lifestyle. In an attempt to preserve the natural environment of the village and to inhibit urbanization of villages, ViaDesh, in partnership with the villagers, arrange for homestays within the village. One room in selected houses is refurbished to cater to the tourist lifestyle, which is taken care of by the residents. ViaDesh has installed eastern-style toilets in all homestays to give tourists the actual feel of rural life. Apart from this, hosts are trained about hygiene and cleanliness standards that need to be adopted.They are also trained to follow hygiene while cutting vegetables and preparing food. ViaDesh has tried to work around the available resources and provide a comfortable experience for the tourist. As such physical infrastructure was not built for the Himalayan Homestays project unlike mud houses in other places. The trust had decided on tourists sharing the rooms with the villagers. Hence, there was a need for virtual infrastructure to attract tourists and spread awareness. The trust tied up with local operators to market Himalayan homestays.It was a conscious effort that the local operators chosen would think as well as work in parallel towards the community. This move also helped in briefing the tourists about the norms to avoid confrontation at the later stages. The trust also developed a website to tap the tourist seeking a similar experience on the internet. To tap walk-in clients, the trust had designed posters and maps as well. It was decided that 10% of the fund would be shared with the conservation fund. Conservation fund was used for various community works such as preserving wildlife, tree plantation etc. FINANCEViaDesh, being a fledgling organisation, is a self-financed enterprise. Initial investment for setting up rooms, toilets etc. was made by Jamal. Participants project donations also help to ensure that funds are available throughout the year to maintain the work done by the teams. These funds are either channelled through ViaDeshs own charity, Sustainable Tourism Trust, or partner charities. ViaDesh donates 10% of its profits from travel to community development projects in host areas, with a focus on health and education. The investment involved at Himalayan Homestays was only Rs. 500/- for one home as the people would be thoroughly trained in various aspects of tourism (as guides and drivers). Also, the tour operator charged Rs. 50/- for spreading awareness about the homestays. The villagers would get Rs. 300/- per tourist per night, which would be directly paid to the homestay provider, to avoid clashes with agents or guides. IMPACT The Choti Haldwani project has managed to keep alive the history and legacy of Corbett. For the tourists visiting the National Park, Choti Haldwani adds another dimension to understanding Corbett. Even though the benefits (econo mics of it) are limited the motivation is very high.The interest & enthusiasm shown, the coming and working together of the community in a cohesive manner is another critical aspect of this initiative which is a significant reason why the community has been able to sustain this engagement. New jobs and supplementary sources of income have been created, with more opportunities in the offing. There has also been active participation from women in the SHGs that were formed in collaboration with WWF. While ViaDesh is still trying to evaluate its impact on villages, the potential impact of this venture and such ventures like this are enormous.It gives the locals an alternate source of income, from homestays, guides, drivers, porters and trekking activities. This in turn prevents the migration (which is rampant in rural areas for lack of better opportunities) of people to cities. ViaDesh ensures that the money earned from homestays etc. is given to the female member of the household, thus promoting woman empowerment. ViaDesh aims for these communities to build their capacity to make things, from handicrafts to eatables like jams, and for them to be able to sell such quality items in the city market.Initiatives like this also squash the myth that rural community is not open to change. With tourists coming in and staying with the locals, there is mutual benefit from such initiatives. Its a mutually enriching experience. ViaDesh also aims at setting up quality education and health centres within the area from the funds set aside from profit for such a purpose. Himalayan Homestays has had a positive impact on the villagers. The additional income from the homestays was helpful in buying ration in lean season and even sending children to the school.It also helped villagers in protecting their livestock and build predator-proof pens. The income gave much deprived decision power to the women community of the villages. The tourism activity increased local participation with the fact that many parachute cafes and local businesses propped up. The flow of tourists also instilled a sense of pride in the local people for their culture and lifestyle. In a way, this activity also helped preserve Ladhaki culture as people can now take pride in displaying the distinct Ladhaki decor and cuisine.The community on a whole has had an increased awareness of hygiene. The tourism activity also helped in checking migration of youth towards city. Homestays helped in the overall personality development of the villagers as the interaction with foreign tourists increased. Some of the added benefits for the villagers were the utilization of conservation fund, adoption of waste management practices and tree plantation activities. A change of attitude was seen in the villagers towards the snow leopards as they are now the attractions for the tourists to visit this place.The homestay experience for the tourists helped in learning about Ladakhi cultures through nature treks and its cuisines. THE WAY FORWARD The way ahead for the Samiti at Choti Haldwani is now to work and continue development on the initiatives already undertaken, and also start new programmes like organic farming and bullock cart rides to further expand and provide different sustainable employment opportunities for the locals. ViaDesh intends to move further into different villages and start similar projects like the ones already established.At the same time, ViaDesh aims at phasing its operations out of the existing locations, thus making these villages self-sustainable, with a well-established education and health system running. The idea of converting a livelihood problem into tourism initiative has worked well for the community based around the Himalayan Homestays initiative. Also, this project shows how rural tourism is related to eco-tourism and agri-tourism. This project has helped the community in its economic upliftment through measures such as these, while keeping the local cult ure intact.This project has also helped in protecting snow leopards and generating an alternative source of income through it. It shows how a balance can be maintained between tourism and ecology. Rural tourism has immense potential in the overall development of the economy, while preserving the rural structure, cultures and keeping traditions intact. Government initiatives should constantly monitor the progress of the projects that have already been initiated, continuously identifying bottlenecks and obstacles, to ensure the smooth functioning of such initiatives.Rural Tourism can help achieve some of the UNs Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that aims at ending poverty by 2015. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1)Redefining Tourism Experiences and Insights from Rural Tourism Projects in India ( Ministry of Tourism, Government of India / UNDP India 2008) 2)www. viadesh. com 3)www. himalayan-homestays. com 4)Performance of Tourism Sector during July 2011, Ministry of Tourism 5)Annual Report 2011 Mini stry of Tourism 6)Equations Annual Report, 2009-2010

‘Coming Home’ by Marjorie Waters Essay

Coming Home by Marjorie Waters is a personal essay which describes the authors feelings upon returning theme after a long time and how she recovers from her deep grief caused by losing a loved one to stopping point. The author narrates how she walks around the house, pulling tush the curtains, dusting the darn off, making tea etc., doing chores that make her feel at home again. Simultaneously, she is opening the doors of her soul to freshen it with the feeling of coming back to home, to finally agnise that the bad phase doesnt last forever. The author begins by writing After the cruelest of winters, the house still stood. Literally, this line reflects the entire essence of this essay. She makes an analogy mingled with coming home and the end of her grief.She writes about how surprised she is to see her house in a good condition in spite of the havoc wreaked upon it by the wilderness of the nature. Though there were a few breakages here and there, it still stood firmly. Similarl y, there too had been a wild winter in her life, the death of a beloved one that had broken her from the inside. Homecoming, after a long time, was the end of her grief. She goes in the rooms, pulls back the curtain so that the daylight drives away the long dawdling darkness that there was, as the dust particles shimmer in the light and settle back again. During the night, she makes for herself a cup of tea, and reminisces about the sudden and tragic death of her beloved one, which had almost completely destroyed her zest for life.She thinks about what the passers-by, obviously the neighbours, would say when they look at the house, the windows of which now are open and the light in the rooms now illuminates the house. Her return to her blank space would be known. She reminisces about the dark time period in her life which had left her lurking in the past, which had cut her give up from everything that made her feel at home. She was caught in her own cold storm. When people came t o offer her condolences, they would only talk about the burden of loss provided actually, all she felt was weightlessness. She felt that the world had pushed her away, the distance she would never be able to cover. But the winter had passed and so had her grief. The author writes, I had feared that, in my absence, the space that I had left behind would close over from misuse.She implies that she had been afraid that this tragedy might cause such melancholy that she would never be able to come out of it, just likeshe feared that the gruesome winters would destroy the house. But the house had survived and she too had managed to pull out the strength in her and vitrine the reality. She revives with a new enigma of hope that life will get better, that the grief will not always let the sadness prevail. According to me, the championship of the lesson is very much appropriate. She equates the harsh season of the winters to the tragedy that occurred in her life. By coming home, she hasnt just come back to a place where she once lived, she has come back to herself, to realise that the winter of her life is gone. The grief could no longer sustain, and she had come out if it. She had finally come home, and come back to herself.

Promote communication in health, social care Essay

Learning outcomesOutcome 1Understand why effective parley is important in the work circumstance1.1 Identify the opposite reasons people communicate.The main reason we communicate is because we want or require something.This may be for console We may require something for our comfort in the form of food or drink, keeping warm or cool, the use of the toilet, bathing etc. or sensational comfort. Exchange of information We may gather up to fall in or receive information about ourselves and the choices we may need to make. Expression of our emotions We communicate our emotions so that the people around us have sex how we feel and how to support us whether we are happy, sad or scared.Communication may be verbal, non-verbal, formal or informal. All communication should remain hugger-mugger on a need to know basis whatever the type of communication that has taken place.1.2 Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting.Communication plays a vital role in the car e of an individual. I need to know what I am required to do at each assistant exploiters call. This information is communicated to me in a variety of different ways. The dish out substance abuser may tell me, it is written in the care plan and in the assessment when a package is taken on. I may speak to family members or be left notes by family or other carers. If a service user is unable to communicate verbally they may gestureto me to let me know what they need or how they feel. Effective communication helps to build a rely relationship which allows care to be successful.Communication among carers is very important as we need to make sure that care is continuous and we work as a aggroup. Discussions about how a service user likes their care, how difficulties screwing be overcome, safeguarding and general tips can and should take place via the appropriate forum. Without this communication the care police squad cannot function at its best. A good working relationship with op en communication will lead to a good level of care for our service users.Communication from line managers is vital for me to carry out my role well. I need to be aware of situations that have occurred and the outcomes so that I can give the best care possible to my service users. As a senior carer I also need to be able to communicate well with my team of care workers. If information is not passed on this can lead to failures in the care we provide.Outcome 2 Be able to meet the communication and phraseology needs, wishes and preferences of individuals.2.1 license how to establish the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals.2.2 Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication. I need to be clear of the subject that I am communication.I need to know the person has the ability to understand what I need to communicate I need to know if I need someone to record for me.Is there any way that I need to adapt my communication for the individual I need the environment to be suitableDoes the individual need someone with them for support?I need to actively listen to what the individual is communicating to me.2.3 read a range of communication methods and styles to meet individual needs.2.4 Demonstrate how to respond to an individuals reactions when communicating.Read moreStrategies That Can Be Used to Clarify MisunderstandingsOutcome 3 Be able to overcome barriers to communication 3.1 Explain how people from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication methods in different ways. There are a few different ways that differences in background can affect communication. Different cultures have different views of acceptable behaviour regarding verbal and non-verbal communication for character eye-contact, distance between individuals communicating or patterns of formal conversation. In some cultures a woman should not speak unless spoken to. Different cultures also surface different levels of emotion in their conversation or discussions. I some cases some cultures seem to get very emotional whereas some are encouraged not to show emotion. Language differences between cultures can cause problems.Words that are similar or even the same may have different connotations to different cultures. For example it is unacceptable for certain words to be used by certain people but fine for others to se them. Differences in body language and gestures can cause problems. For example in some cultures the nod of the head actually ungenerouss no and a shake means yes. These differences mean that we need to research the cultures of the people we work with to promote effective communication.3.2 Identify barriers to effective communication.Differences in languages, cultures and dialects including slang and jargon. Hearing or visual impairment.Relationship between those communicating.Generation difference. carnal environment e.g. noise levels, light levels and distance between those communicating. Em otion or distress.Mental health problems.The pace of communication.Learning disabilities.3.3 Demonstrate ways to overcome barriers to communication.3.4 Demonstrate strategies that can be used to clarify misunderstandings.3.5 Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively. If I come across a difficulty in communication I would consult my line manager for advice. Depending on the barriers to communication I could always contact the service users doctor or talk to the local authority about support services that are available.Outcome 4 Be able to generate principles and practices relating to confidentiality4.1 Explain the meaning of the term confidentiality.Confidentiality is a set of rules that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information. Confidentiality relates to the duty to maintain confidence and respect a persons privacy. I have a duty to keep any information assumption to me by a service user on a need to know basis. The service users personal information that they share with me should not be shared by myself unless it is in the stake of the service user for me to share with an appropriate professional or person with a proven need to know. There are a number of legislations which viewing confidentiality within care work.4.2 Demonstrate ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication.4.3 Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individuals confidentiality and disclosing concerns. cope work is all about supporting an individuals choices and allowing them to live their life as independently as they can, but, our duty of care sometimes interferes with this if their choices mean that they are in harms way or suffer a loss. If we suspect a service user is in harms way, suffering abuse or that they could cause harm to another person we need to disclose this information to those who are in a position to help. If we do disclose confidential information the indi vidual needs to know why we need to share the information and that we are obliged to do this. Policies and procedures we are given to follow help us to understand what we should and should not disclose about someone in our care.

The building of Greek State after the 1821 revolution

March 25, 1821, was the day of the Annunciation of the Theotokos of the classic Orthodox. It was also the day of Greek anarchy and declaration of independency which was actually achieved in 1829. This paper examines the events, some issues, and prominent figures who contri thoed in building the Greek asseverate which started in 1821. The influences of the Great Powers (Great Britain, France and Russia) The Greeks were suppressed and controlled by Turks downstairs Ottoman Empire resulting to the death of 25,000 Greeks on the island of Chios and 15,000 Greeks and 40,000 Turks in the Peloponessos.The Greeks started to revolt in 1821. The Philiki Etairian leaders wanted to foster consciousness and resistance against the oppression of the Turks. Its leading was first offered to Ioannis Kapodistrias of Corfu, who refused to accept due to misguided venture and a wrong timing, but it was accepted by Alexander Ipsiladis, a Phanariot, in 1820. Kapodistrias was assassinated aft(prenominal) a few years. The Great Powers (France, Russia, and Great Britain) ruled Greece with the leadership of King Ludwig I of Bavaria who imposed monarchy but he was eventually voted out by the Greek Parliament.George I of Denmark took over after Ludwig I. Before 1824 has ended, the Peloponnese, including 2000 Egyptian army lead by Papaflesas was invaded by Sultan Mahmoud II and Ibrahim with 6000 Turks. They attacked and killed around 600 Greeks in Maniaki on the twentieth day of May 1825. The Great Powers, favored the Greeks, initiated direct military intervention in July 1827, and mediated the quarrel between the Turks and the Greeks. Russia maintained the significance of Orthodox Christianity maculation France showed strong sympathy towards the Greek volunteers.The Orthodox Church was the basis of peoples cultural and scotch life and it also hindered the stated from rapid tack towards development since its ideas and teachings were opposed to those of the western nations. The confed erate forces proposed an armistice in order to conclude the battle. Greece accepted it but Turkey refused to reconcile. As a result, the Allied fleet was set to sail off the west coast of the Peloponnese through Navarino on October 20, 1827 under Admiral Codrington to support Greece.The Ottoman fleet fought against the Allied forces but it failed. In September 1829, Demetrios Ypsilanti, the br separate of Alexander Ypsilanti, defeated the Turkish force in the border between Thebes and Livadia. This was the last engagement of the Turks and the time when Greek independence was achieved through the attainment of Peace of Adrianople between Russia and Turkey. People who contributed in the success of Greek revolution The attainment of freedom in Greece was realized due to the component of prominent figures that fought for freedom.Five among them were (1) Theodoros Kolokotronis (1770 1834), a local hero, who lead in defeating Mahmud Dramalis army in 1822 of the Ottoman Empire as well t he siege of Tripolis, which eventually surrendered and it marked the success of the Greek revolution for the first time (2) Georgios Karaiskakis (1782 1827) was a military genius appointed as chief marshal of Eastern Greece and the first one to put forward part in the Greek revolution whose two victories at Arachova and Distomo made him famous (3) Constantinos Kanaris (1793 1877) from Psara was successful in destroying Turkish fleets at Chios, Tenedos, Mytilene, Samos, and Alexandrian port to rule out Mehmet Alis war preparations, for example (4) Gregorios Dikaios (1788 1825), also named Papaflesas, was born at Messinia and became a monk in his teens. He was forced by the Turks to leave Greece due to his revolutionary timber so he reached Constantinople and joined Filiki Etairia.Ypsilantis ordered him to return to Peloponnesos where he and started recruiting people for the revolution. He courageously fought against Ibrahim with 6000 Turks on 20 May 1825 until he died and (5) N ikitaras, head of the pallikars band, had successfully fought Kiaya Bey at Kaki Scala in March and April 1822 at Ayia Marina under Odysseus rule and was given a nickname of Tourkophagos when he killed 3,000 Turks in the battle. The diaspora and the building of the innovative State The Ottoman Empire had paralyzed the Greeks who had non undergone Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment which resulted to slow progress and development of the lies of people in rural communities.The proponents of modernization brought western culture and parliamentary government, bureaucracy, and educational institutions to keep the nation in tact but its counterparts wanted to maintain their relationship with the motherland, which hindered modernization. The number of Greek migrants has increased with their aspirations for economic freedom and improvement. romance became apparent through Lord Byron who supported the Greek revolutionaries and died in 1824. In 1828, Greece embraced a republican cons titution and the Turkish troops who occupied Acropolis left when the Allied Forces turned Greece into a monarchial democratic State in which the governments political and judicial affairs are ruled of a Royal leader.They were raise in sovereign, the head of the State with the will of the people through election as the only source of the heads power. The Greeks, including the ethnic group were competent to expand its boundaries and conquered European territories. Many of them succeed, became leaders, and gained support from other nations. This diaspora has led to the building of the modern Greek State in 1830. The new State Identities, political issues, and other problems Greeks who were living outside their motherland hoped for an independent State similar to the European model with a centralized constitution, army and navy, and diplomatic representatives. It was only realized under the leadership of King Otho of Bavaria.In 1831, the Allied Powers conducted a conference in London regarding the establishment of the new State and issued a protocol on February 23, 1832. One meaningful problem of the new State was that it is filled with Russian leaders. Otho was only seventeen years old when he was offered for the throne, but it was in 1833 when he arrived at Nauplia. However, it was not extremely disadvantageous they aimed to support the building the Greek State. Alexander Mavrokordatos was a National Assembly civilian leader who supporting the mission of Orlandos and Louriottis. He became a Secretary-General of the Executive Council (1823), Greece Prime Minister (1831, 1841, 1844, 1854-5), and a President of the legislative Senate. In 1835, King Otho ruled Athens.He neglected the promised National Assembly as the basis of the character despite the earnest advice of Lord Palmerston and Sir Robert Peel. As a consequence, German influence developed a feeling of discontent and led to another revolt in 1841. On 15th September 1843, the people dismissed Otho due t o his failure in creating a constitutional regime. Finally, Greece attained freedom from alien domination. Its liberation brought economic and intellectual progress. For instance, the University of Athens was established in 1837, which served as the center for propagation and preservation of Hellenic culture as well as in producing competitory professions.While others were not open to transformation and new opportunities, many Greeks accepted modernization, created a Western-liberal identity, entered the commercial world, and explored the ideas of the Enlightenment and Reason. The triple alliance supported the revolution and the upbringing of the new state but it faced many challenges such as Greeks debt incurred during the war the oppressive taxation that resulted to brigandage the free press and rights to express persuasion and the disputes between the members of Council of Regency. In spite of the difficulties, the Allied Powers remained morally responsible in building the Stat e. Synthesis Greece was under the control of the Turks during the Ottoman Empire.Greece started the revolution in 1821 and its beginning(a) to promote peace won the sympathy of the Allied Forces that helped won the battle in 1829. The building of the newly freed State in the early 1830s, however, was ruled in the main by Russian nationals. The Allied Forces encountered oppositions and obstacles in addition to public contempt of its oppressive and unfavorable political system. It was early in 1840s that Greece was totally liberated from foreign control. It was the diaspora, which started before the revolution and continued until 1830s that led to the transformation of the Greek state. It was the time when many Greek who crossed borders became successful in their life in the West.They were know by other European nations because of their exceptional talents, knowledge, skills ad the ability to succeed outside their native land. Indeed, education has brought light and true freedom to the Greek community. Bibliography 2005. Greece, architectural Science Review 8(4). Crawley, C. W. The Question of Greek Independence A Study of British Policy in the Near East, 1821-1833. Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press, 1930. Forster, Edward S. A Short History of sophisticated Greece, 1821-1956. London Methuen, 1958. Glencross, Michael, Greece Restored Greece and the Greek War of Independence in French Romantic Historiography 1821-1830. Journal of European Studies 27(1) (1997). Kaloudis, George, 2006. Greeks of the Diaspora Modernizers or an Obstacle to Progress?. International Journal on World Peace 23(2). Kolokotronis, Theodoros. Encyclop? dia Britannica. (2007) Encyclop? dia Britannica Online, http//www. britannica. com/eb/article-9045950. Nostos, Greek Revolution 1821 1829. nostos. com (2005), http//www. nostos. com/greekrev/ Schofield, Philip, and Jonathan Harris, eds. Legislator of the World Writings on Codification, Law, and Education. Oxford, England Clar endon Press, 1998. Van Steen, Gonda, 2000. Venom in Verse Aristophanes in Modern Greece. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press.

Critical Essay on “Annals of Labor Nobodies”

John Bowes Annals of Labor Nobodies is a very ugly article describing the virtual striverry of agricultural workers. smelling(p) of public attitude toward and awargonness of domestic abuse and pedophilia in most of the Twentieth Century, modern slavery is buried deep in a cesspool of ignorance, apathy and denial. Those at the top of the heap are protected by buffer layers and deniability.Fear and brutality are tools employed to maintain the silence. Resources and alternatives for victims are scarce or nonexistent. These are among the themes presented by Boles in his review of dirty secret of one of Americas largest industries, fresh produce production mend he presents a little hope, the situation will continue to exist.South Florida is one of the nations greatest citrus and tomato production areas and terra firma zero for modern slavery (Bowe, 3). Bowe describes the plight of the undocumented Mexican and Central American workers from the time of departure from their homes to their arrival in South Florida. It is a base of an opportunity to terrific homeland poverty which can be worse than what they left. Workers are conned and exploited throughout their journey, paying exorbitant sums to every one in the vicious chain. They are so impoverished and terrified that slave labor is their only option. As a Border Patrol agent remarked Theyre controllable. on that points no escape (s).There has been a great deal of consolidation of the produce farms as well as their huge customers. There are many familiar names in the food chain ConAgra, Cargill, Tropicana, Minute Maid, Coke, Pepsi and Taco Bell. All claim a hands off to the issue of slave labor picking their tomatoes and oranges. The industry has long enjoyed special status exempting it from many labor laws, including overtime pay, workers compensation and the right to organize. Unfortunately although the price of the produce may increase, the price of labor decreases due to the large pool of workers coming fro m Mexico and Central America.In 2000 the Trafficking Victims Act was made into law unfortunately the usual congressional deal-making resulted in exempting everyone except the labor contractors from fines and imprisonment. The cases are voiceless to make. Victims and witnesses are too terrified to testify. Even if they were willing and able to testify their migratory work patterns make them difficult to find. As usual the blanket of limited resources in law enforcement as well as state and federal official prosecution offices is used but non believed. Paraphrasing one anonymous laborer, they and their plight is virtually invisible to the outside world.Slow change is coming about and with it a shred of hope for those enslaved. Legal and societal service agencies are starting to reach this dark world, and loose coalitions of workers are growing. According to one former tomato picker change wont come from Washington or from the lawyers. It will come from people in the field. If you c hange peoples consciousness, the people themselves will take care of it (6). He is right, of course, and the hope is if change wont come from Washington and the lawyers, at least they will be an ally and not an impediment.After the sentencing of convicted human traffickers the federal trial judge mentioned to the U.S. Attorneys prosecuting the case that they should not exhaust the limited resources prosecuting low-level thugs and enforcers. The judge, likely mindful of the powerful federal conspiracy laws, stated others at a higher level of the fruit picking industry seem complicit in one way or another with how these activities occur (11).ReferencesBowe, John. Annals of Labor Nobodies. April 21, 2003.